A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

ACTH  Adrenocorticotropic hormone  AIF  Apoptosis inducing factor  AKI  Acute kidney injury  BMSC  Bone marrow derived stem cells  CIN  Contrast-induced nephropathy  COMP-Ang1  Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-angiopoietin-1  CysLT1R  Cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor  DMARD  Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs  eNOS  Endothelial nitric oxide synthase  eEPCs  Endothelial progenitor cells  HDAC  Histone deacetylase  HSPC  Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells  IRI  Ischemia–reperfusion injury  ICAM-1  Intercellular adhesion molecule-1  JNK  c-Jun N-terminal kinase  KIF3B  Kinesin family member 3B  KIM-1  Kidney injury molecule 1  MAPK  Mitogen-activated protein kinase  MCP-1  Monocyte chemotactic protein-1  α-MSH  Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone  MFG-E8  Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII  MPT  Mitochondrial permeability transition  MSCs  Mesenchymal stem cells  NGAL  Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin  MDM2  Murine double minute-2  MMP-2  Matrix metallopeptidase 2  mTOR  Mammalian target of rapamycin  PI3K  Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase  PACAP  Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide  RAAS  Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system  RANTES  Regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted  RIP1  Receptor-interacting protein 1  TNF-α  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha  TWEAK  TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis  VDRA  Vitamin D receptor agonist  Acute kidney injury  Kidney protection  Kidney repair  Renoprotection  Ischemia–reperfusion  Nephrotoxicity  

MicroRNA  pulmonary macrophages  innate immunity  protein phosphatase 2A  steroid-resistant airway hyperresponsiveness  AAL(S)  (S)-2-Amino-4-(4-[heptyloxy]phenyl)-2-methylbutan-1-ol  AHR  Airway hyperresponsiveness  ant-9  Antagomir-9  DEX  Dexamethasone  GR  Glucocorticoid receptor  JNK  c-Jun N-terminal kinase  miR  MicroRNA  OVA  Ovalbumin  PP2A  Protein phosphatase 2A  PPP2R2A  Protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B (B56) α isoform  PPP2R5D  Protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B (B56) δ isoform  UTR  Untranslated region  

ATCC  Alzheimer's disease  Apoptosis  Bonferroni's post-hoc test  Ca2+  Cell Apoptosis Assays  Cytochrome C  DMEM  ECL  Hsp20  Immunoprecipitation  MicroRNAs  N2A cells  NF-κB  Phosphorylation  Plasmid  Quantitative Real-Time PCR  Ser16  Stroke  Western Blot Analysis  X-ray film  aB-crystallin  apoptotic cells  cardiomyocytes  cerebral ischemia  cytochrome c  ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)  mitochondria  neuroprotection  oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)  pEGFP-Hsp20  pEGFP-N1  sHsp