Carotid endarterectomy  Mini-Mental State Examination  Montreal Cognitive Assessment  brain-derived neurotrophic factor  cognitive dysfunction  dexmedetomidine  interleukin 6  lactate  stroke  tumor necrosis factor  

CAFs  Cancer associated fibroblasts  NFs  normal fibroblasts  OC  Oral cancer or (OCC), oral cancer cells  C-C motif  Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)  IL-8  Interleukin 8  OSCC  Oral squamous cell carcinoma  CM  Conditional medium  IHC  Immunohistochemistry  Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs)  MiR-124  Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2  Interleukin 8  Oral squamous cell carcinoma  

A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

IL  interleukin  TGF-β  transforming growth factor β  SLE  systemic lupus erythematosus  MS  multiple sclerosis  IBD  inflammatory bowel diseases  RA  rheumatoid arthritis  mAb  monoclonal antibody  IFN-γ  interferon gamma  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor alpha  Tregs  regulatory T cells  EAE  experimental autoimmune encephalitis  ETS  E26-transformation-specific  STAT  activators of transcription  JAK  Janus kinase  NO  nitric oxide  LPS  lipopolysaccharide  ILC2  type II innate lymphoid cells  ROI  reactive oxygen intermediates  TPO  thrombopoietin  EPO  hemopoietin  SCF  stem cell factor  ASM  airway smooth muscle  SLEDAI  SLE disease activity index  dsDNA  double-stranded DNA  CNS  central nervous system  MOG  myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein  CCL20  chemokine ligand 20  RR-MS  relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis  CD  Crohn’s disease  UC  ulcerative colitis  CIA  collagen-induced arthritis  Th9  IL-9  Differentiation  Autoimmune disease  Treatments