A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

AIs  aromatase inhibitors  AMPK  Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase  AR  androgen  ATM  Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated  ATP  Adenosine Triphosphate  BCSS  breast cancer specific survival  CK-MB  Creatine Kinase-MB  CREB1  cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein 1  CSC  cancer stem cell  DFS  disease-free survival  DHFU  dihydrofluorouracil  DPD  dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase  EpCAM  Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule  ER  estrogen  ERCC1  excision repair cross-complementary 1  ERK  extracellular signal-regulated kinases  EZH2  enhancer of zeste homolog 2  FdUMP  fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate  FdUTP  fluorodeoxyuridine triphosphate  FHC  ferritin heavy chain  FUTP  fluorouridine triphosphate  HbA1C  hemoglobin A1c  HER  Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor  HIF-1α  hypoxia-inducible factor-1α  HK  hexokinase  IGF1R  insulin growth factor 1 receptor  LDH  lactate dehydrogenase  MDA  Muscular Dystrophy Association  MMP  Matrix Metallopeptidase  MRP1  multidrug resistance-associated protein 1  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  MTX  methotrexate  NCCN  National Comprehensive Cancer Network  OS  overall survival  pCR  Pathologic Complete Response  PDGFR  platelet-derived growth factor receptors  PFS  progression-free survival  PKA  protein kinase A  PR  progesterone receptor  RFS  relapse-free survival  SOD  superoxide dismutase  TAM  tamoxifen  TCA  tricarboxlic acid  TS  thymidylate synthase  Combination  Mechanisms  Metformin  Chemotherapeutic drugs