| 题名 | 中国西部生态农业发展与经营对策研究 |
| 作者 | 邓玉林 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2003 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所 |
| 授予地点 | 成都 |
| 导师 | 陈国阶 |
| 关键词 | 中国西部 生态农业 农业产业结构 农业产业化经营 生态农业模式 对策 |
| 其他题名 | A Study on Development and Management Strategies for Ecological Agriculture in West China |
| 学位专业 | 自然地理学 |
| 中文摘要 | 中国西部农业发展的根本目标在于解决西部贫困农民脱贫致富、保障农业产品和工业原料的供给，维护、治理、恢复和改善西部生态环境，为西部地区农业环境的稳定及中东部下游区生态安全提供生态服务。论文以对生态农业概念与实质的新视角认识为基础，建立生态农业产业经营的理论体系框架和方法论基础。该体系框架涵盖生态农业发展的理论基础、实践基础、技术基础、资源基础、环境基础以及不同尺度生态农业产业的经营对策。同时，将以农业产业作为重要基础产业的中国西部作为一个宏观研究整体，将西部生态环境建设与农业产业发展统筹兼顾，对西部地区生态环境进行综合评价，为西部地区生态环境的保育及"三农问题"解决提供决策依据。以西部地区的12个行政省（市、区）为样本单元，以充分发挥区域特色资源优势为原则，对西部地区生态农业进行类型分区，并确立不同类型区生态农业发展的主要方向。进而结合不同单元的农业区划成果，布局典型的生态农业模式，提出西部生态农业发展的产业尺度与产业化经营的理论与实践对策。为中国西部生态农业建设及农业产业结构调整提供理论依据和实践参考。论文共四篇由12章组成。第一篇，中国西部生态农业发展的理论基础。第1章，生态农业的历史成就与发展进展；第2章，对生态农业基本理论的新认识；第二篇，中国西部生态农业发展的实践与技术基础。第3章，生态农业模式分类与典型模式评价；第4章，生态农业产业化经营的理论与技术。第三篇，中国西部生态农业发展的资源与环境基础。第5章，西部农业资源现状与特点；第6章，西音"农业产业结构分析；第7章，西部农业生态环境综合评价；第8章，中国西部生态农业的战略意义与战略思维；第9章，西部生态农业类型区划分的理论与方法；第10章，西部生态农业类型区的特征与生态农业发展方向。第四篇，中国西部生态农业经营对策。第n章，西部生态农业产业尺度；第12章，西部生态农业产业的尺度经营对策。主要结论：（1）西部生态农业发展与经营的理论支撑体系应当包括从理论到实践、从宏观到微观、从发展到经营的不同层面，它涉及理论基础、技术实践基础、资源环境基础、产业尺度与经营对策。（2）中国的生态农业具有明显的特殊性，是古老实践孕育的全新农业产业。它强调农业的生态本质，强调多资源综合利用，通过人工调控，将自然潜力充分发挥，以获取最佳的经济效益与生态效益，是持续农业、效益农业的体现形式，从根本上克服了国外以"自然农业"、"有机农业"为核心的朴素生态农业的局限。（3）生态农业的主要发展方向是复合结构的可持续的产业化经营。生态农业尊重生态和经济规律，协调生产、发展与生态环境之间的关系，保护生态，培植资源，防治污染，提供清洁产品和优美环境，把农业发展建立在健全的"绿色生产"的生态基础之上，建立可持续的、大尺度的经营系统。（4）根据生态农业发展的目标，可将生态农业的实践模式划分为七大类型，即以生态效益为主的生态农业模式（保护型生态农业模式、治理型生态农业模式与景观培植型生态农业模式）、以经济效益为主的高效生态农业模式、以社会效益为主的生态农业模式（小城镇与中心集镇建设模式、高效生态农业示范建设模式）、以能源建设为主的生态农业模式、以水资源高效利用为主的节水型生态农业模式、以发挥特色农业资源为基础的特色生态农业模式及以设施利用为基础的设施型生态农业模式。（5）中国西部地区地形地貌复杂，气候类型多样，生物资源丰富，光热资源充足，但生态环境脆弱，农业灾害影响面大，农业生态环境不稳定。农业的发展应当因地制宜，以生态农业发展为重点，促进资源、人口与环境的协调。（6）西部地区生态农业的发展优势与劣势均较突出。主要优势在于广阔的土地资源、差异显著的气候资源、丰富的生物资源、充裕的可再生能源、特色显著的旅游资源、污染相对较小的环境本底、绵长的边境线及政府优惠的政策倾斜。其明显劣势在于生态环境脆弱、农业灾害问题严重、因生产而导致的农业环境污染重、本地市场容量狭小、对外开放程度低、基础设施相对落后、人口整体文化技术素质低。（7）中国西部生态农业具有明显的特殊性。表现为生态环境治理与保育是农业发展的根本保障；生态农业类型地域分异明显，不同类型区生态农业发展模式大相径庭；西部生态农业是从农业产业结构的整体调整出发，对西部地区农、林、牧、渔、加、贸结构重新构建的规模型大农业，而不是以局部利益为基础的小型农业；标准化生产与特色农业资源开发是西部生态农业发展的必然选择：生态畜牧业和种植养殖复合经营是西部生态农业建设的突破口：同时，农村能源建设是西部生态农业建设的重要内容。（8）生态农业是西部农业现代化的重要途径。西部现代化的农业生产，必须坚持因地制宜的原则。宜农则农，宜林则林，宜牧则牧、宜渔则渔，坚持一业为主，多种经营，综合发展。针对不同的区域条件，采用不同的可持续的生态农业模式。（9）西部农业产业的现实结构中，以种植业为主的传统农业比重大，农业产值占全国份额呈下降趋势，种植业内部经济作物比重略有上升，但仍以粮食生产占绝对优势，农业产业结构区域不平衡，农业生产结构单一，农产品的品种、品质结构不合理，农产品的区域布局不合理，产品和产业缺乏特色性，低水平重复现象突出，农业产业结构调整进程缓慢，调整幅度过小。同时，农村产业结构也极不合理。农民人均收入低，产业层次低，非农产业发展起步晚，农业基础条件差，农产品单产低，农产品加工业尚未形成规模。西部地区农业产业结构调整的"瓶颈"源于自然因素、经济结构、体制政策、农业观念、不完善的市场、民族与素质以及大面积的农村贫困。（10）西部农业生态环境质量区域间差异显著。综合得分值以重庆最高，其次是新疆，第三为四川。广西略高于内蒙，居第十一位，以内蒙综合得分值最低。西部地区农业生态环境质量总的格局是，除综合得分较高的新疆夕卜西南湿润区优于北方干旱区。位于黄土高原的省份得分值均偏低，喀斯特脆弱地形区的广西、贵州得分值较低。北方干旱的内蒙古高原和黄土高原区是西部地区农业生态环境质量最差的区域，其次是喀斯特地区。西部农业生态环境建设应强调因地制宜，以治理水土流失、防治风蚀沙化为重点，建设和发展生态农业，从而改善西部农业生态环境的质量。（11）由于自然地理、生态环境、农业生产与社会经济的区域分异，西部可划分为三大生态农业类型区和五大类型亚区。类型区分别为湿润生态农业类型区、干旱-半干旱生态农业类型区和高寒生态农业类型区。不同类型区与亚区生态农业的方向与模式各具特色。西部地区生态农业建设的方向是，以治理、恢复和重建生态环境为基础，重点加强水土保持、防沙治沙和植被建设；加强农林牧渔复合生产经营系统的建设；通过集雨技术、旱作技术等技术途径高效利用水资源；充分利用优势的光热资源与立体气候资源，大力发展设施高效型农业与绿色食品生产；以流域治理为中心，有效地控制库区的农业非点源污染；同时，充分发挥特色资源优势，建立大尺度生态农业产业化经营体系。（12）生态农业产业化经营必须解决产业尺度的理论问题。西部生态农业的产业尺度包括大尺度生态农业产业（生态屏障、生态县、生态地区和产业带）和小尺度生态农业产业（生态农业科技示范园、都市生态农业、龙头企业的生态农业产业基地、庭院型生态农业、生态村和生态乡镇）。其中，生态县建设应是西部生态农业建设的主要尺度。（13）西部生态农业产业经营应结合不同的产业尺度，因地制宜地运用多种经营模式，并不断向高层次发展。促进西部生态农业产业在其组织形式上向着实体化的方向发展；在经营范围上，向多元化方向发展态势；在组织的深度上，由一般性经营联合向专业化经营发展；在规模上向产业带发展；在经营组织的模式上由传统的松散型向规范化的紧密型发展。 |
| 英文摘要 | Agriculture in West China, extensively involving in forestryf animal husbandry, fishery, by-product management and manufacturing, targets at helping farmers out of poverty, ensuring prevision of food and raw material, maintaining, harnessing, recovering and improving environment and eventually at contributing to the ecological safety of both local and download areas. Based on historical and practical achievements in ecological agriculture (Eco-agriculture), this study expounded the characteristics and specialty of eco-agriculture in China and "West China. Moreover, through principal component analysis , environment quality , priority and inferiority were either quantitatively or qualitatively analyzed. Statistics in 2000 was employed to evaluate the agricultural structure in West China. Furthermore, by Hierarchical Clustering method with 15 indexes selected from natural, ecological, agricultural and social economic aspects, 12 cases of all the provinces in West China were classified into different eco-agricultural regions. On the basis of classifications, targets and patterns were located in the eco-agricultural regions. In addition, a new conception, industrial dimension, was set up to explain how much to construct the eco-agriculture in West China. Finally, strategies on industrialized management of eco-agriculture were preliminarily suggested. This whole analysis was under a frame of 4 sections and 12 chapters. Section 1: Theoretical basis for eco-agricultural development hi west China. Chapter 1: review on historical and practical achievements and progress on eco-agriculture, Chapter 2: Reconsideration of theory on eco-agriculture, Section 2:Practical and Technological basis for eco-agricultural development in west China .Chapter 3: classifications of eco-agricultural patterns and evaluation on typical models, Chapter 4:Theory and techniques for industrialized management of eco-agriculture, Section 3: Resources and environment basis for eco-agricultural development in west China, Chapter 5:Present situation of agricultural resources in west China; Chapter 6:analysis on agriculture structure in West China; Chapter 7: analysis on environment quality in West China, Chapter 8: Strategy analysis on eco-agriculture establishment in West China, Chapter 9: theory and method for eco-agricultural region division in West China, Chapter 10: arrangement of eco-agricultural models for different regions in West China, Section 4 Strategy for eco-agricultural management in west China, Chapter 11: industrial dhnension for eco-agriculture in West China, Chapter 12, the last part: strategies on industrialized management of eco-agriculture in West China. Major conclusions were drawn as follows: 1. Eco-agriculture in China and West China is different from that in foreign countries on structure and benefits. Eco-agriculture in China emphasizes more on balance between economic and ecological benefits. 2. A tendency for eco-agriculture in China is to establish a sustainable agricultural system on a large dimension, which benefits to ecological conservation, green food provision, resources development and economic improvement. 3. Eco-agricultural patterns can be classified into 7 categories, i.e., (1) ecological benefit supporting patterns including protective patterns, harnessing patterns, landscape patterns, (2)economic benefit supporting patterns including different intercropping and combined patterns, (3)social benefit supporting patterns(township and market construction, and demonstration farm), (4)rural energy supporting patterns(linked by bio-gas, hydropower, solar and wind power), (5)water saving patterns (agriculture in draught area), (6) local resources development patterns, and (7) installation supporting patterns. 4. The characteristics of eco-agriculture in West China lies on that(1) to harness and protect the environment is essential, (2)regional differentiation is significant, (3)eco-agriculture is a key strategy for improvement on agriculture structure, (4)local resources development is of great importance, (5) animal husbandry dominates in agriculture, (6)rural energy construction is the necessary link for eco-agriculture. 5. Eco-agriculture is the last option for agricultural modernization in West China. 6. Agriculture structure in West China is simple and traditional. Grain production is still predominant and inferior in market competition; regional planning is poor and repeated. Meanwhile, rural industry plays important role in rural economy but less effective and intensively dependant on resources. Bottleneck for agriculture structure improvement lies in draught, hazards, poor structure, family land-own policy, traditional conception, under-developed market, minority accumulation and extensive poverty in rural areas. 7. Environment quality in West China varies significantly. Evaluated by comprehensive score, the highest is that of Chongqing, then Xingjiang and Sichuan whereas the lowest is that of Inner Mongolia. A general pattern is that environment quality in moist southwestern provinces is better than that in arid northern provinces. 8. 3 eco-agricultural regions and five sub-regions can be divided by hierarchical clustering. Different regions differ in developing eco-agriculture and practicing models. Generally, eco-agriculture in West China emphasizes harnessing, recovering and re-establishing of environment, mostly on water and soil erosion control, sand storm and desert control, and vegetation degradation control in those fragile areas. Moreover, high-productive eco-agricultural regimes and models should be the major option in the agriculture area under good conditions. In the draught area, effective watering and water saving skills involving rain collection and draught resistance are the dominant patterns. In the reservoir area, non-point pollution control models play main roles. Furthermore, installation cultivation skills for local resources development are beneficial, especially to Tibet, Qinghai and Xinjiang. 9. Industrial dimension is a new concept for industrialized management of eco-agriculture. Industrial dimension in west China mainly depends on two aspects, 1) large scale dimension including ecological screen, eco-county, eco-region and ecological industrialized belt and 2) small scale dimension including demonstration farm, urban eco-agriculture, base for leading enterprise in industrialized management, garden-type eco-agriculture, eco-village and eco-town. Eco-county should be the main objective nowadays in West China. 10. Various types of models, enterprise leading type, combined cooperation type, market leading type and association type, should be applied in industrialized eco-agriculture management. Enterprise leading model, ultiple production, specialized management, industry belt development nd a tensely organized regime are the future tendency for eco-agriculture evelopment. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 学科主题 | 生态学 ; 农业经济学 |
| 公开日期 | 2011-08-09 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://192.168.143.20:8080/handle/131551/3323]  |
| 专题 | 成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储（2009年以前） |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 邓玉林. 中国西部生态农业发展与经营对策研究[D]. 成都. 中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所. 2003. |
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