Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc586

CORC > 云南天文台 > 中国科学院云南天文台 > 中国科学院天体结构与演化重点实验室

	Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration
	Prather, Ben S.150; Dexter, Jason 149; Moscibrodzka, Monika 148; Pu, Hung-Yi 145,146,147; Bronzwaer, Thomas 148; Davelaar, Jordy 142,143,144; Younsi, Ziri 140,141; Gammie, Charles F.137,138,139; Gold, Roman 136; Wong, George N.134,135
刊名	ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
	2023-06-01
卷号	950 期号:1
ISSN号	0004-637X
DOI	10.3847/1538-4357/acc586
产权排序	第110完成单位
文献子类	Article
英文摘要	Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT Collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U, and V, respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties.
学科主题	天文学 ; 天体物理学 ; 高能天体物理学 ; 星系与宇宙学
URL标识	查看原文
出版地	TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND
资助项目	Academia Sinica ; Academy of Finland[274477] ; Academy of Finland[284495] ; Academy of Finland[312496] ; Academy of Finland[315721] ; Academy of Finland[NCN19058] ; Fondecyt[1221421] ; Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung ; Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship ; European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands ; NL astronomy research network NOVA ; ALMA North America Development Fund ; Black Hole Initiative - John Templeton Foundation ; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation ; Brinson Foundation[Chandra DD7-18089X] ; Brinson Foundation[TM6-17006X] ; China Scholarship Council ; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[2020M671266] ; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[2022M712084] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[U0004-246083] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[U0004-259839] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[F0003-272050] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[M0037-279006] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[F0003-281692] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[104497] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[275201] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[263356] ; Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia[P18-FR-1769] ; Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia[2019AEP112] ; Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute[IN112417] ; Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute[IN112820] ; Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for VICI award[639.043.513] ; Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for VICI award[OCENW.KLEIN.113] ; Dutch Black Hole Consortium[NWA 1292.19.202] ; National Science Agenda ; Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius[2021.013] ; EACOA Fellowship awarded by the East Asia Core Observatories Association ; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute ; European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes[610058] ; European Union[730562] ; European Union[101018682] ; Horizon ERC[101040021] ; Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant[APOSTD/2018/177] ; Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant[CIDEGENT/2018/021] ; MICINN Research Project[PID2019-108995GB-C22] ; European Research Council for advanced grant JETSET: Launching[884631] ; Institute for Advanced Study ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV ; DFG research grant Jet physics on horizon scales and beyond[FR 4069/2-1] ; Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship ; (Simons Foundation) ; Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)[JPMXP1020200109] ; Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho:MEXT) Scholarship ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)[JP17J08829] ; Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan ; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)[QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057] ; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)[QYZDJSSW-SYS008] ; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)[ZDBS-LY-SLH011] ; Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship ; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG) ; Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[18KK0090] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[JP21H01137] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[JP18H03721] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[JP18K13594] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[18K03709] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[JP19K14761] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[18H01245] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[25120007] ; Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)[FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6] ; MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[103-2119-M-001-010-MY2] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[105-2112-M-001-025-MY3] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[105-2119-M-001-042] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[106-2112-M-001-011] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[106-2119-M-001-013] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[106-2119-M-001-027] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[106-2923-M-001-005] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[107-2119-M-001-017] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[107-2119-M-001-020] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[107-2119-M-001-041] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[107-2119-M-110-005] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[107-2923-M-001-009] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[108-2112-M-001-048] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[108-2112-M-001-051] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[108-2923-M-001-002] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[109-2112-M-001-025] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[109-2124-M-001-005] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[109-2923-M-001-001] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[110-2112-M-003-007-MY2] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[110-2112-M-001-033] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[110-2124-M-001-007] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[110-2923-M-001-001] ; Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)[80NSSC20K1567] ; NASA Astrophysics Theory Program[80NSSC20K0527] ; NASA NuSTAR[80NSSC20K0645] ; NASA Hubble Fellowship[HST-HF2-51431.001-A] ; NASA Hubble Fellowship[HST-HF2-51482.001-A] ; NASA Hubble Fellowship[NAS5-26555] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China[2016YFA0400704] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China[2017YFA0402703] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China[2016YFA0400702] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0096454] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0352953] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0521233] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0705062] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0905844] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0922984] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1126433] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1140030] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[DGE-1144085] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1207730] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1207752] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[MRI-1228509] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[OPP-1248097] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1310896] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1440254] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1555365] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1614868] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1615796] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1716327] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1716536] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[OISE-1743747] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1816420] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1935980] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-2034306] ; NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship[AST-1903847] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11873028] ; NSERC ; National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China ; National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship)[NRF-2015H1A2A1033752] ; National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship)[NRF-2015H1D3A1066561] ; National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship)[2019H1D3A1A01102564] ; National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship)[2019R1F1A1059721] ; National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship)[2021R1A6A3A01086420] ; National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship)[2022R1C1C1005255] ; National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship)[2017-00648] ; Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation ; (Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science) ; Princeton Gravity Initiative[PGC2018-098915-B-C21] ; Princeton Gravity Initiative[AYA2016-80889-P] ; Princeton Gravity Initiative[PID2019-108995GB-C21] ; Princeton Gravity Initiative[PID2020-117404GB-C21] ; University of Pretoria[JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013] ; University of Pretoria[SEV-2017- 0709] ; South African Research Chairs Initiative[77948] ; Toray Science Foundation ; Swedish Research Council ; US Department of Energy (USDOE) ; National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE[89233218CNA000001] ; National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE[PRTR-C17I1] ; ALMA[2016.1.01154] ; National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan ; National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology ; NSF[DBI-0735191] ; NSF[DBI-1265383] ; NSF[DBI-1743442] ; NSF[TG-AST170024] ; NSF[TG-AST080026N] ; NSF[AST170028] ; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy[DE-AC05-00OR22725] ; Center for Computational Astrophysics, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ; Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance in China ; FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo)[2021/01183-8] ; Smithsonian Institution ; Ministry of Finance of China ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; National Key Research and Development Program[2017YFA0402700] ; Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) ; University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA) ; CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France) ; MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) ; Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona ; State of Arizona ; National Science Foundation ; Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago ; Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center through the Frontera Large-Scale Community Partnerships allocation[AST20023] ; Open Science Grid ; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science ; Science center at Southern Denmark University ; Siyuan Mark-I at Shanghai Jiao Tong University ; Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program
WOS关键词	M87 EVENT HORIZON ; TELESCOPE RESULTS. VI. ; ACCRETING BLACK-HOLES ; A-ASTERISK ; EMISSION ; SHADOW ; FLOWS ; I.
WOS研究方向	Astronomy & Astrophysics
语种	英语
出版者	IOP Publishing Ltd
WOS记录号	WOS:001008532700001
资助机构	Academia Sinica ; Academy of Finland[274477, 284495, 312496, 315721, NCN19058] ; Fondecyt[1221421] ; Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung ; Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship ; European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands ; NL astronomy research network NOVA ; ALMA North America Development Fund ; Black Hole Initiative - John Templeton Foundation ; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation ; Brinson Foundation[Chandra DD7-18089X, TM6-17006X] ; China Scholarship Council ; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[2020M671266, 2022M712084] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356] ; Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia[P18-FR-1769, 2019AEP112] ; Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute[IN112417, IN112820] ; Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for VICI award[639.043.513, OCENW.KLEIN.113] ; Dutch Black Hole Consortium[NWA 1292.19.202] ; National Science Agenda ; Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius[2021.013] ; EACOA Fellowship awarded by the East Asia Core Observatories Association ; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute ; European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes[610058] ; European Union[730562, 101018682] ; Horizon ERC[101040021] ; Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant[APOSTD/2018/177, CIDEGENT/2018/021] ; MICINN Research Project[PID2019-108995GB-C22] ; European Research Council for advanced grant JETSET: Launching[884631] ; Institute for Advanced Study ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV ; DFG research grant Jet physics on horizon scales and beyond[FR 4069/2-1] ; Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship ; (Simons Foundation) ; Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)[JPMXP1020200109] ; Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho:MEXT) Scholarship ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)[JP17J08829] ; Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan ; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)[QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011] ; Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship ; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG) ; Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007] ; Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)[FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6] ; MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[103-2119-M-001-010-MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 105-2119-M-001-042, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-013, 106-2119-M-001-027, 106-2923-M-001-005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-001-041, 107-2119-M-110-005, 107-2923-M-001-009, 108-2112-M-001-048, 108-2112-M-001-051, 108-2923-M-001-002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124-M-001-005, 109-2923-M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007-MY2, 110-2112-M-001-033, 110-2124-M-001-007, 110-2923-M-001-001] ; Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)[80NSSC20K1567] ; NASA Astrophysics Theory Program[80NSSC20K0527] ; NASA NuSTAR[80NSSC20K0645] ; NASA Hubble Fellowship[HST-HF2-51431.001-A, HST-HF2-51482.001-A, NAS5-26555] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China[2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST-1615796, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1935980, AST-2034306] ; NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship[AST-1903847] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11873028] ; NSERC ; National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China ; National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship)[NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, 2019H1D3A1A01102564, 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255, 2017-00648] ; Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation ; (Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science) ; Princeton Gravity Initiative[PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21] ; University of Pretoria[JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013, SEV-2017- 0709] ; South African Research Chairs Initiative[77948] ; Toray Science Foundation ; Swedish Research Council ; US Department of Energy (USDOE) ; National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE[89233218CNA000001, PRTR-C17I1] ; ALMA[2016.1.01154] ; National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan ; National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology ; NSF[DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442, TG-AST170024, TG-AST080026N, AST170028] ; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy[DE-AC05-00OR22725] ; Center for Computational Astrophysics, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ; Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance in China ; FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo)[2021/01183-8] ; Smithsonian Institution ; Ministry of Finance of China ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; National Key Research and Development Program[2017YFA0402700] ; Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) ; University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA) ; CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France) ; MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) ; Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona ; State of Arizona ; National Science Foundation ; Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago ; Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center through the Frontera Large-Scale Community Partnerships allocation[AST20023] ; Open Science Grid ; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science ; Science center at Southern Denmark University ; Siyuan Mark-I at Shanghai Jiao Tong University ; Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program
内容类型	期刊论文
版本	出版稿
源URL	[http://ir.ynao.ac.cn/handle/114a53/26167]
专题	云南天文台_中国科学院天体结构与演化重点实验室
通讯作者	Prather, Ben S.
作者单位	1.Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504, USA 2.Astronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China; 3.School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; 4.School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China; 5.Radboud Excellence Fellow of Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 6.Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Finland; 7.Physics Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA; 8.Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; 9.University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; 10.Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Prather, Ben S.,Dexter, Jason,Moscibrodzka, Monika,et al. Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL,2023,950(1).
APA	Prather, Ben S..,Dexter, Jason.,Moscibrodzka, Monika.,Pu, Hung-Yi.,Bronzwaer, Thomas.,...&Zhao, Shan-Shan.(2023).Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration.ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL,950(1).
MLA	Prather, Ben S.,et al."Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration".ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 950.1(2023).