First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96

CORC > 上海天文台 > 中国科学院上海天文台

	First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
	Akiyama, Kazunori 132,133,134,135; Alberdi, Antxon 131; Alef, Walter 130; Asada, Keiichi 129; Azulay, Rebecca 127,128,130; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin 130; Ball, David 125,126; Balokovic, Mislav 124,132; Barrett, John 134; Bintley, Dan 123
刊名	ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
	2019-04-10
卷号	875 期号:1 页码:28
关键词	black hole physics galaxies: individual (M87) Galaxy: center gravitational lensing: strong instrumentation: interferometers techniques: high angular resolution
ISSN号	2041-8205
DOI	10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96
英文摘要	The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of similar to 1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (lambda/D) is similar to 25 mu as, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64. gigabit s(-1), exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.
资助项目	Academy of Finland[274477] ; Academy of Finland[284495] ; Academy of Finland[312496] ; European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action[731016] ; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University through John Templeton Foundation[60477] ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile)[PIA ACT172033] ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile)[Fondecyt 1171506] ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile)[BASAL AFB-170002] ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile)[ALMA-conicyt 31140007] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[104497] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[275201] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[279006] ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico)[281692] ; Direccion General de Asuntos de l Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM)[IN112417] ; European Research Council Synergy Grant BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes[610058] ; Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant[APOSTD/2018/177] ; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation[GBMF 947] ; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation[GBMF-3561] ; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation[GBMF-5278] ; Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)[JP17J08829] ; JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships ; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)[QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057] ; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)[QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008] ; Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[18KK0090] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[JP18K13594] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[JP18K03656] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[JP18H03721] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[18K03709] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[18H01245] ; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI[25120007] ; MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[105-2112-M-001-025-MY3] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[106-2112-M-001-011] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[106-2119-M-001-027] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[107-2119-M-001-017] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[107-2119-M-001-020] ; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan[107-2119-M-110-005] ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant)[80NSSC17K0649] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China[2016YFA0400704] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China[2016YFA0400702] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0096454] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0352953] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0521233] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0705062] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0905844] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-0922984] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1126433] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1140030] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[DGE-1144085] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1207704] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1207730] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1207752] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[MRI-1228509] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[OPP-1248097] ; National Science Foundation (NSF)[AST-1310896] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11573051] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11633006] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11650110427] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[10625314] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11721303] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11725312] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11873028] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11873073] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[U1531245] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[11473010] ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) ; National Research Foundation of Korea[2015-R1D1A1A01056807] ; National Research Foundation of Korea[NRF-2015H1A2A1033752] ; National Research Foundation of Korea[NRF-2015H1D3A1066561] ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award[639.043.513] ; Spinoza Prize[SPI 78-409] ; Swedish Research Council[2017-00648] ; Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada ; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade ; Russian Science Foundation[17-12-01029] ; Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad[AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P] ; Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad[AYA2016-80889-P] ; US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory[89233218CNA000001] ; Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA[CUP C52I13000140001] ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme[730562 RadioNet] ; ALMA North America Development Fund Chandra[TM6-17006X] ; NSF[ACI-1548562] ; NSF[DBI-0735191] ; NSF[DBI-1265383] ; NSF[DBI-1743442] ; MOST (Taiwan)[99-2119-M-001-002-MY4] ; MOST (Taiwan)[103-2119-M-001-010-MY2] ; MOST (Taiwan)[106-2119-M-001-013] ; MOST (Taiwan)[106-2923-M-001-005] ; MOST (Taiwan)[107-2923-M-001-002] ; Smithsonian Institution ; CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France) ; MPG(Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) ; Academia Sinica ; National Key R&D Program of China[2017YFA0402700] ; Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) ; State of Arizona ; NSF ; NSF Physics Frontier Center award[PHY-0114422] ; Kavli Foundation ; GBMF[GBMF-947] ; National Science Foundation[PLR-1248097] ; NSF Physics Frontier Center grant[PHY-1125897] ; Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) ; South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa ; State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award[SEV-2017-0709] ; Academia Sinica (Taiwan) ; IGN (Instituto Geografico, Nacional, Spain) ; Compute Ontario ; Calcul Quebec ; Compute Canada ; CyVerse ; [AST-1312651] ; [AST-1337663] ; [AST-1440254] ; [AST-1555365] ; [AST-1715061] ; [AST-1615796] ; [AST-1614868] ; [AST-1716327] ; [OISE-1743747] ; [AST-1816420]
WOS研究方向	Astronomy & Astrophysics
语种	英语
出版者	IOP PUBLISHING LTD
WOS记录号	WOS:000464210800002
内容类型	期刊论文
源URL	[http://119.78.226.72/handle/331011/30807]
专题	中国科学院上海天文台
通讯作者	Akiyama, Kazunori
作者单位	1.Univ Amer Puebla, Sta Catarina Martir S-N, Mexico City 72810, DF, Mexico 2.Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron Radio Astron Lab, 601 Campbell, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA 3.CALTECH, Owens Valley Radio Observ, Big Pine, CA 93513 USA 4.Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA 5.Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA 6.Georgia Inst Technol, GWW Sch Mech Engn, 771 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA 7.MERLAB, 357 S Candler St, Decatur, GA 30030 USA 8.Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA 9.Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA 10.Syst & Technol Res, 600 West Cummings Pk, Woburn, MA 01801 USA
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Akiyama, Kazunori,Alberdi, Antxon,Alef, Walter,et al. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS,2019,875(1):28.
APA	Akiyama, Kazunori.,Alberdi, Antxon.,Alef, Walter.,Asada, Keiichi.,Azulay, Rebecca.,...&Ziurys, Lucy.(2019).First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation.ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS,875(1),28.
MLA	Akiyama, Kazunori,et al."First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation".ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS 875.1(2019):28.