DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY, AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF MANGANESE CRUSTS AND NODULES FROM THE PHILIPPINE SEA

	DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY, AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF MANGANESE CRUSTS AND NODULES FROM THE PHILIPPINE SEA
	STUBEN, D ; GLASBY, GP ; KUNZENDORF, H ; LANGE, H ; CHEN, S
刊名	MARINE MINING
	1991
卷号	10 期号:1 页码:73-93
ISSN号	0149-0397
英文摘要	Manganese nodules recovered from the west Mariana and Philippine Basins are typical deep-sea nodules. Surface density is in the range 0-15 kg/m2 with an average of about 3.5 kg/m3. The nodules are spheroidal to polynucleate, up to 40 mm in diameter, display smooth and microbotryoidal surface texture, have cores of altered volcanic material, and occur on red clay. The presence of delta-MnO2 as the principal manganese oxide phase, an average Mn/Fe ratio of 0.73, and an average Ni + Cu + Co content of 0.59% confirm a hydrogenous origin for these nodules with perhaps a minor hydrothermal component. The maximum Ni + Cu + Co content observed for these nodules (0.93%) suggests that they have no economic potential. Abundant manganese crust and nodules were recovered from the Kyushu-Palau Ridge. Mn crusts up to 500 mm across and 20-180 mm thick display a range of morphologies, surface textures, and substrates. The substrates include highly altered volcanic material, creamy lithified clay (phillipsite), fresh vesicular basalts, and siltstone. The thickness of the overlying Mn crust is variable, reaching a maximum thickness of 32 mm. Spheroidal and discoidal nodules up to 200 mm in diameter and with surface densities of 18.7 kg/m2 were also recovered. These occur on foraminiferal ooze. Abundant manganese crusts and limited nodules were recovered from the Central Ridge. Manganese crusts up to 300 mm across and 40-110 mm thick again display a range of characteristics. Substrates include fresh basalt, altered volcanic material, material almost completely replaced by manganese oxides and creamy lithified clay. The thickness of the overlying Mn crust reaches a maximum of 35 mm. The crusts from the Kyushu-Palau and Central Ridges contain delta-MnO2 as the principal Mn-oxide phase, have an average Mn/Fe ratio of 0.95 and an average Ni + Cu + Co content of 0.62%. This confirms a hydrogenous origin for the crusts. There is only minor enrichment of Co (maximum content 0.57% Co) in the crusts due to their occurrence in relatively shallow waters (4100-2000 m). The maximum thickness of the overlying manganese crusts (35 mm) suggests that the manganese oxides were deposited on the substrate surfaces long after the ridges became tectonically inactive. However, the different thicknesses of the upper manganese crustal layers in different samples suggest that crustal growth began at different times. These crustal thicknesses do not appear to be critically dependent on the nature of the crust substrate. The REE patterns and the Ce/La ratios of the nodules and crusts reflect a hydrogenous origin for the deposits as well as less oxidizing growth conditions and indicate that the deposits did not form in the path of strong bottom water flow.
WOS关键词	PACIFIC ; SEDIMENTS ; ORIGIN
WOS研究方向	Engineering ; Mining & Mineral Processing
语种	英语
出版者	TAYLOR & FRANCIS
WOS记录号	WOS:A1991GH33100004
内容类型	期刊论文
源URL	[http://ir.fio.com.cn:8080/handle/2SI8HI0U/27435]
专题	自然资源部第一海洋研究所
通讯作者	STUBEN, D
作者单位	1.DSIR,NEW ZEALAND OCEANOG INST,WELLINGTON,NEW ZEALAND 2.RISO NATL LAB,DK-4000 ROSKILDE,DENMARK 3.FIRST INST OCEANOG,QINGDAO,PEOPLES R CHINA
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	STUBEN, D,GLASBY, GP,KUNZENDORF, H,et al. DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY, AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF MANGANESE CRUSTS AND NODULES FROM THE PHILIPPINE SEA[J]. MARINE MINING,1991,10(1):73-93.
APA	STUBEN, D,GLASBY, GP,KUNZENDORF, H,LANGE, H,&CHEN, S.(1991).DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY, AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF MANGANESE CRUSTS AND NODULES FROM THE PHILIPPINE SEA.MARINE MINING,10(1),73-93.
MLA	STUBEN, D,et al."DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY, AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF MANGANESE CRUSTS AND NODULES FROM THE PHILIPPINE SEA".MARINE MINING 10.1(1991):73-93.