| 题名 | 双刺纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）基础生物学与生态学研究 |
| 作者 | 张展 |
| 答辩日期 | 2006-06-11 |
| 文献子类 | 博士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院海洋研究所 |
| 授予地点 | 海洋研究所 |
| 关键词 | 双刺纺锤水蚤 活体培养 生物学特征 生态学特征 |
| 其他题名 | Study on the biological and ecological characters of Acartia bifilosa |
| 英文摘要 | From 1990’s, the development of marine fish aquaculture has been widely acknowledged as important to meet the increasingly worldwide demand for sea food. However, compared with wild species, cultured fishes usually exhibit inferior qualities in terms of vitality and taste. Feedstuff plays an important role in the alteration of fish qualities. Since zooplankton especially copepods, are the main food source of most marine fishes in nature, they have been considered as the potentially high quality living food for marine fish cultivation. In order to select the suitable species as potential fish food, verify the availability of such a species, feasibility for mass culture and the possibility to improve fish products quality, etc., numerous basic exploiting research work are needed such as biological and ecological characters of copepods. The purpose of this paper is to select a copepod species which would be easier to establish in cultures and might be suitable for mass culture as live food for marine fish culture. Copepods were collected in the Jiaozhou Bay from October 2003 to September 2004. All the samples, which included Acartia bifilosa, Paracalanus parvus , Paracalanus. crassirostris , Calanopia thompson , Acartia pacifica , Labidocera euchaeta , Schmackeria poplesia , Centropages mcmurrichi , Eurytemora pacifica , Labidocera.bipinnata , Centropages. Tenuiremis, were reared at the same condition in the laboratory to compare their survival abilities. Acarita bifilosa was proved to be the best candidate among the collected copepods for fish diets. Focused on this species, for the future exploitation, its basic biological characters as well as optimal culture conditions were studied and then preliminary population propagation was carried out in the laboratory. As we had not found resting eggs in the laboratory experiments, which is vital for clarifying its over summer strategy in Jiaozhou Bay, ecological characters as the effects of high temperature and food concentration were studied to supplement the in situ survey results. The followings are the main results: Selection: Among the 11 collected copepod species, Acartia bifilosa , Paracalanus. crassirostris , Calanopia thompson and Eurytemora pacifica are easier to be maintained in our culture conditions than the other 7 species. Further studies on the endurance to varying temperature or salinity of the above four species showed that: Paracalanus. crassirostris larva can not live over 11 days at 18℃ when salinity exceeded 20; Calanopia Thompson females can not live over 10 days when tempreture is lower than 20℃ and when salinity is under 20‰ ,females and larva of Calanopia Thompson can not live beyond 9 and 7 days respectively. Eurytemora pacifica are hardly maintained at temperature over 20℃. Acartia bifilosa keeps the survival rate of 24－85％ at 8－24℃, both the adults and the larva are ready to live in the range of salinity 10－35 which made it the only species to be further studied. Reproduction: Effects of food and temperature on the reproduction of Acartia bifilosa were studied in laboratory. Results showed that: Among the 6 microalgae: Nannochloropsis oculat, Chlorella.sp, Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas subordiformis, Skeletonema costatum that applied in our experiments, Platymonas subordiformis, Skeletonema costatum and the mixture of them are proved to be better for the reproduction than the other four microalgae; Pre-starved treatment had a strong influence on reproduction of females which need a relatively long time to resume to their peak egg production states and always keeping a low egg production rates; Suitable temperature for the reproduction is in the range of 15－20℃; but there was no significant difference in average egg production between 10－25℃. Growth and development: As the larval stage food, Nannochloris oculata (1－2m) was proved to be the ideal -sized first feeding food in contrast to other experimental microalgae; Later staged nauplii should feed on large-sized microalgae (> 4m) to compensate the large amount of energy spent on hunting at high temperatures. Food consists of Nannochloropsis oculata, Platymonas subordiformis, Skeletonema costatum are better for cultivation lower 22℃, whereas Isochrysis galbana should be added for cultivation over 22℃. Generation time: Effect of different temperatures on the development of Acartia bifilosa under the same food condition showed: in the temperature range of 15－25℃, development rates increased with the increasing temperature which resulted in a decreasing generation time. Populaiton cultivation: Based on the biological characters research, the effects of algal species ration and total food concentration on the population propagation were investigated. Results showed that: a proportion of 2:1:1 (Platymonas subordiformis: Skeletonema costatum: Nannochloropsis oculata) in terms of carbon content and total food concentration in the range of 1.0－4.0 μg C ml-1 were optimal for the population cultivation at 20℃; A proportion of 2:1:1:2 (Platymonas subordiformis: Skeletonema costatum: Nannochloropsis oculata: Isochrysis galbana, ) in terms of carbon content and total food concentration of 1.0 μg C ml-1 concentration were optimal for the cultivation at 25℃, concentrations lower or higher than 1.0 μg C ml-1 have negative effects on the output. Over summer strategy: In order to make a clear understanding of the oversummering life history strategy of Acartia bifilosa in Jiaozhou Bay, effects of high temperature and food concentration simulating in situ summer conditions on the reproduction and development of A. bifilosa was studied in the laboratory to supplement the survey results in situ . Results showed that: food concentration had significant influence on the reprodction of A. bifilosa; Females keep producing eggs at the highest experimental food level 15g Chla l-1 even at 28℃; and hatching success of the produced eggs was mostly high, varing between 50％and 90％, indicating that there is no resting egg produced; Nauplii can develop to adults in the two high food level treatment of both 15 g Chla l-1 and 10 g Chla l-1, whereas in 5 g Chla l-1 treatment, nauplii can not develop to C1 at 28℃ and can only develop to C4 at 25℃. We do not discover resting eggs both in our experiments and in situ survey which strongly suggest that Acartia bifilosa population in Jiaozhou Bay could sustain the high temperature seasons independent of producing resting eggs.; 20世纪90年代以来，为了确保日益增长的人口对蛋白质的需求，海洋鱼类养殖在全球范围内日趋发展。然而，许多养殖鱼类的品质如抗病力、口味等与野生种类相比大为降低。饵料对于鱼类品质的好坏起着至关重要的作用。在海洋的自然环境中，浮游动物，特别是数量庞大、种类繁多的桡足类是野生鱼类的天然活饵料。哪些桡足类适于作养殖饵料，如何获得、从何处获得桡足类，人工培养是否可行，能否通过加入桡足类来改善养殖鱼类的品质是长期以来业内人士一直关注的问题，需要大量的基础性探索研究工作。 开展有潜在开发价值种的生物学特性及室内培养的基础研究，进而开展大量生产技术的研究与应用，不仅是开发利用桡足类的一个重要途径，而且可以获得一些重要的生态学参数。 本论文自2003年10月－2004年9月之间，在胶州湾采集不同的桡足类种类，通过室内比较培养实验，选定双刺纺锤水蚤作为具有开发潜力的研究培养对象，对其展开一系列培养条件及生物学特性研究，在此基础上进行了小水体增殖培养，结合现场调查资料对与其生活策略相关的生态学问题进行了初步研究探索。结果如下： 筛选：2003年10月－2004年9月全年不同季节共采集11 种桡足类，在室内自然温度、自然海水（盐度30－32）下长时间培养，粗略筛选出能够经受实验室人工养殖水体生活的种类有：强额拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus. crassirostris）、汤氏长足水蚤（Calanopia thompson）、太平洋真宽水蚤（Eurytemora pacifica）、双刺纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）。对上述种类的成体和子代幼体分别测定其对不同盐度、温度的耐受能力。培养结果表明：18℃室温下，强额拟哲水蚤幼体在盐度20以上的环境中，存活时间不超过11天；汤氏长足水蚤雌体在培养温度低于20℃时，只能存活10天；25℃室温下，当盐度低于20时，汤氏长足水蚤雌体存活时间不超过9天，子代的存活时间不超过7天；太平洋真宽水蚤不适宜在温度较高的夏秋季培养，幼体在不同盐度的实验条件下存活时间不超过5天，不适宜长期培养；双刺纺锤水蚤在全年8－24℃的室内培养温度范围内保持了24－85％的存活率，雌体和子代在盐度10－35的范围内都能存活，最终结果表明双刺纺锤水蚤是其中最适宜进行人工培养的种类。 繁殖：对双刺纺锤水蚤雌体的培养条件和繁殖生物学的研究结果表明：在本实验所使用的6种微藻饵料：微绿球藻（Nannochloropsis oculata）、小球藻（Chlorella.sp）、等鞭金藻（Isochrysis galbana）、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、亚心型扁藻(Platymonas subordiformis)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)中，亚心型扁藻和中肋骨条藻适宜成体培养，亚心型扁藻对雌体存活有利，排粪率也要比中肋骨条藻低得多，亚心型扁藻在高温条件下的饵料利用效率要高于中肋骨条藻，中肋骨条藻对产卵有利，二者混合优势互补；预饥饿处理的双刺纺锤水蚤恢复到最高产卵率需要较长的时间，并且一直保持较低的产卵率；该种繁殖的最适温度范围15－20℃；在10－25℃温度范围内的平均产卵率差异并不显著。 生长及发育：对双刺纺锤水蚤幼体培养条件及发育生物学研究结果表明：在本实验所使用的6种微藻饵料中，微绿球藻是比较理想的开口饵料；粒径小（ 4 m）的微藻——微绿球藻和小球藻不能保证双刺纺锤水蚤后期无节幼体发育至桡足阶段，22℃以下采用微绿球藻 + 亚心型扁藻 + 中肋骨条藻的食物搭配，22℃以上需加入粒径在4m左右的等鞭金藻。 世代时间：通过一系列的温度梯度实验，证明在相同饵料的情况下，温度对双刺纺锤水蚤的发育具有显著的影响，在15－25℃的范围内，随着温度的升高，生长速度加快、世代周期缩短；在温度条件为15、18、20、22、25℃下的世代时间分别为25.5, 18.5, 13, 11.5, 9.5天。 群体培养：研究了适宜的微藻饵料种类搭配比例以及总饵料浓度对种群日均增值率的影响。结果表明：20℃下培养宜采用亚心型扁藻：中肋骨条藻：微绿球藻按含碳量2:1:1的比例组成混合饵料，达到最高增殖率的混合饵料浓度范围在1.0－4.0 μg C ml-1之间；25℃下培养宜采用亚心型扁藻：中肋骨条藻：微绿球藻：等鞭金藻按含碳量2:1:1:2的比例组成混合饵料，日均增殖率在混合饵料总浓度为1.0 μg C ml-1 时最高，低于和高于此浓度都会降低日增值率。 度夏机制：针对野外大面调查发现双刺纺锤水蚤在高温季节的胶州湾内仍然存在的事实（传统观点认为该种在夏季从水体中消失，通过休眠卵度夏），本论文从基础生态学研究出发，根据胶州湾夏季的温度和叶绿素浓度资料，设计实验研究了高温和饵料浓度对成体繁殖和幼体生长发育的影响。实验发现，饵料浓度对高温下雌体的繁殖有着明显的影响，15g Chla l-1浓度下的雌体在28℃都可以保持产卵状态，而且卵的孵化率也在50％以上；各处理中的卵都很快孵化，并保持了60％以上的孵化率；高浓度组15 g Chla l-1和10 g Chla l-1，无节幼体都能发育至成体，低浓度5 g Chla l-1处理组中，28℃下，不能发育至桡足阶段，而25℃下也只能发育至C4期。在本实验中没有发现双刺纺锤水蚤产生休眠卵。在胶州湾自然环境中发现该种全年存在。胶州湾中的双刺纺锤水蚤在夏季能够在不产生休眠卵的情况下安全度夏。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-11-04 |
| 页码 | 128 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.qdio.ac.cn/handle/337002/940]  |
| 专题 | 海洋研究所_海洋环流与波动重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张展. 双刺纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）基础生物学与生态学研究[D]. 海洋研究所. 中国科学院海洋研究所. 2006. |
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