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题名	滇蛙和红瘰疣螈的谱系地理格局与种群动态历史
作者	余国华
学位类别	博士
答辩日期	2014-05
授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
授予地点	北京
导师	杨君兴
关键词	谱系地理 滇蛙 红瘰疣螈 古水系 气候波动
中文摘要	中国西南山区拥有复杂的地质和气候历史。 以前的谱系地理学研究发现该地 区多个与流水环境相关的物种的遗传结构都与古水系或现今水系模式一致， 并且 青藏高原抬升等历史地质事件是造成西南山区两栖类谱系分化的主要因素。 相同 的地质事件对同域分布的物种往往具有相同的影响， 但遗传结构还受物种生活历 史和生态特征的影响。 为了探讨水系格局及第四纪气候变化对中国西南山区两栖 类物种的遗传结构及谱系分化的影响， 本研究对中国西南山区特有的滇蛙和红瘰 疣螈的线粒体DNA遗传变异模式进行了分析。 我们总共分析了滇蛙22个种群、262个个体的Cyt b和COI基因片段以及红瘰 疣螈19个种群、146个个体的Cyt b、D-loop、tRNA-Phe和12S rRNA基因片段。分 析结果显示，滇蛙包含5个分化明显的线粒体谱系，大致对应5个地理区域，包括 云南西部、云南西北部、云南中部、云南东部和四川西南部，谱系间的分化发生 于0.36～2.44 Mya，其谱系地理结构的形成主要是受云南高原对青藏高原快速抬 升（约2.5 Mya，青藏运动B幕）的地区差异性响应以及中更新世气候波动（约 0.36～0.64 Mya）的作用，与古水系格局无关。红瘰疣螈包含4个线粒体谱系，对 应4个群组，包括云南南部、云南中西部、云南西北部和云南西部与缅甸的边境 地区，谱系间的分化时间为0.71～0.83 Mya，其种群结构也与古水系无关，更新 世气候波动是其谱系分化的驱动力。 滇蛙和红瘰疣螈的遗传结构不受古水系格局 影响的原因可能是由于它们对静水环境的要求。 溯祖模拟支持在更新世冰期时，滇蛙退缩至位于云南西北部、云南中部和云 南东部的 3 个避难所内，红瘰疣螈则退缩至位于云南南部、云南西北部、云南西 部边境地区和云南中西部的 4 个避难所内。其中某些地区（如：滇西北、滇南、 滇东） 也被认为是其它某些物种的避难所所在地，意味着在制定合理的保护政策 时这些地区需要重点考虑。滇蛙与红瘰疣螈都经历过种群扩张的过程，且扩张时 间早于末次盛冰期 （0.018～0.023 Mya） ， 反映了中国西南部山区冰期和北半球冰 期之间的不同步及西南山区地形、地貌和气候的复杂性。另外，从末次盛冰期开 始，红瘰疣螈还经历了种群下降的过程。 本研究的结果提示我们， 为了充分认识西南山区两栖类的谱系地理格局及其成因， 今后有必要从比较谱系地理学的角度对具有不同生活历史和生态特征的物 种开展谱系地理学研究
英文摘要	The montane regions of southwestern China are characterized by complicated geological and climatic history. Previous phylogeographic studies found that genetic structures of species related to lotic environment from this region are consistent with paleo-river system or contemporary river system, and historical geologic events such as the uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are the main factors that leading to the lineage divergences of amphibian species from southwestern montane regions. Same geological events may have same impact on sympatric species, but genetic structure of species is also affected by its life history and ecological trait. To investigate the effects of drainage system and climatic change during Quaternary on genetic structure and lineage divergence of amphibian species from montane regions of southwestern China, patterns of genetic variation in Babina pleuraden and Tylototriton shanjing, both of which are endemic to southwestern China, are investigated based on mitochondrial DNA in this study. Fragments of Cyt b and COI genes of 262 individuals from 22 populations of B. pleuraden and Fragments of Cyt b, D-loop, tRNA-Phe, and 12S rRNA genes of 146 individuals from 19 populations of T. shanjing were examined in this study. Our results demonstrated that B. pleuraden is comprised of five distinct mitochondrial lineages roughly corresponding to five geographical areas including western Yunnan, northwestern Yunnan, central Yunnan, eastern Yunnan, and southwestern Sichuan, and divergence among them occurred 0.36‒2.44 Mya. Its phylogeographic structure has been shaped primarily by the unique regional responses of the Yunnan Plateau to the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau occurred c. 2.5 Mya (B phrase of Qingzang Movement) and climatic oscillation during middle Pleistocene (0.36‒0.64 Mya), rather than by the paleo-drainage system. Tylototriton shanjing is comprised of four maternal lineages corresponding to four population groups including southern Yunnan, middle-western Yunnan, northwestern Yunnan, and the border region of western Yunnan with Myanmar, and divergence of them occurred 0.71‒0.83 Mya.The paleo-drainage system also had no contribution to the current genetic structure of T. shanjing and major glaciation events during the Pleistocene have triggered its intra-specific divergence. Likely the reason that the paleo-river system had no impact on genetic structures of B. pleuraden and T. shanjing is the preference for standing water of these two species. Coalescent simulations supported that B. pleuraden retreated to three refugia located in northwestern Yunnan, central Yunnan, and eastern Yunnan, respectively, and T. shanjing retreated to four refugia located in southern Yunnan, northwestern Yunnan, the border region of western Yunnan with Myanmar, and middle-western Yunnan, respectively, during glacial periods in the Pleistocene. Some of these regions (e.g., northwestern Yunnan, southern Yunnan, and eastern Yunnan) have also been suggested as glacial refugia for other species, meaning that these regions should be important for consideration when developing sound conservation policies. Both B. pleuraden and T. shanjing experienced population expansion and expansions occurred prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (0.018‒0.023 Mya), reflecting the asynchronicity between glaciations of the montane regions in southwestern China and Northern Hemisphere glaciation events and complexity of topography, geomorphology, and climate in montane regions of southwestern China. In addition, T. shanjing experienced declines of population sizes, which occurred after the beginning of the Last Glacial Maximum. Results in the present study suggest that phylogeographic studies of species with different life histories and ecological traits are necessary to completely understand the phylogeographic patterns and their shaping mechanisms of amphibian species in montane regions of southwestern China from a perspective of comparative phylogeography.
语种	中文
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://159.226.149.26:8080/handle/152453/10704]
专题	昆明动物研究所_系统进化与生物地理学
作者单位	中国科学院昆明动物研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	余国华. 滇蛙和红瘰疣螈的谱系地理格局与种群动态历史[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014.

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