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题名	脑深部核团长期埋置记录方法及眼动控制系统中编码转化的初步研究以及恒河猕猴和人在观察图片时的注视眼动差异
作者	胡英周
学位类别	博士
答辩日期	2014-04
授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
授予地点	北京
导师	胡新天
关键词	慢性埋置记录 脑深部核团 动作电位 空间-时间编码转换 上丘 跳视 眼动追踪 恒河猕猴 注视眼动 注视点
其他题名	Deep brain chronic recording and the neural mechanisms of spatial-to-temporal transform in oculomoto & Differences in eye-tracking between rhesus monkeys and humans
学位专业	神经生物学
中文摘要	1 脑深部核团长期埋置记录方法及眼动控制系统中时空编码转化的初步研究           本章首先对神经元细胞外记录技术做了简单的介绍，回顾了细胞外记录技术的发展史。然后介绍了应用于细胞外记录实验中的各种记录电极。在此基础上指出慢性埋置记录方法在电生理实验中的重要作用。目前，应用在小动物和非人灵长类动物皮层上的慢性埋置记录方法已经非常普遍，但是应用在猕猴等大动物脑深部核团的慢性记录方法仍然没有得到很好的发展。作者在分析了大动物脑深部核团慢性埋置记录的困难之后，有针对性的提出了解决方法，并且提出了一套应用于猕猴脑深部核团的慢性埋置记录的实验方案。经过在四只猕猴上的测试，作者验证了这种方法的可靠性和稳定性。实验中不仅稳定的记录到猕猴脑干神经元核团的放电，还很好的控制了在实验过程中动物的脑组织的感染问题。结果证明，这一方法是研究猕猴脑深部核团的功能的有效手段，完全能满足下面实验的需求。 空间-时间编码的转换是中枢神经系统中一种非常重要的信息加工过程，但目前对其实现的生理机制还不清楚。本章以眼动控制系统为出发点，介绍了脑干中上丘（superior colliculus，SC）在跳视眼动控制系统中的重要作用，描述了上丘对跳视（saccade）眼动控制的空间编码的问题。同时还介绍了上丘的下游脑区脑桥旁正中网状结构（paramedian pontine reticular formation, PPRF）和内侧纵束头端间质核(rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus, riMLF)的对跳视指令的时间编码方式。由于PPRF和riMLF的上游控制脑区是上丘，而上丘中对跳视控制的空间编码指令在到达PPRF和riMLF之后如何变成时间编码的方式的这一过程仍然不是很清楚。研究清楚这一转换过程和转换方式可以使人们更进一步的了解中枢神经系统的工作方式。本章在详细阐述了从上丘的空间编码信息向脑桥旁正中网状结构的时间编码信息转换的三种假设之后，根据已有的文献报告，分析了在三种假设的各自局限和优点，并且对空间-时间编码的转换机制的进一步深入研究提出了自己的看法。在实验部分，我们利用恒河猕猴为实验对象，依托我们实验室开发的电刺激伪迹消除技术，初步研究了上丘到PPRF和riMLF的的信号传递过程。初步的结果表明riMLF中的一部分控制眼动的兴奋性突发神经元（Excitatory Burst Neuron, EBN）可能不接受上丘的直接支配。我们推测其可能是接受皮层前额叶眼动区（Frontal eye field, FEF）的支配。这一发现对传统理论是一个重要突破,为理解跳视眼动控制过程中信息从上丘或者前额叶眼动区（FEF）向其下游的PPRF和riMLF的传递机理提供了新的思路 2.恒河猕猴和人在观察图片时的眼动差异      以往的研究表明非人灵长类动物在第一眼看到图片的时的眼动模式和人类具有一定的相似性。在本研究中，有三种类型的图片分别呈现给恒河猕猴和人类被试。这三种类型的图片分别包含非人灵长类，人类，或者这两者都有。在观察这些图片的时候，猕猴和人类被试的眼动模式通过Tobii眼动追踪系统记录。我们发现在观察包含非人灵长类动物的图片的时候，猕猴将注意力更多的放在图片中动物的头部和身体上。而在观察只包含人类的图片的时候，猕猴和人类被试都将注意力更多的放在图片中人的头部。同时，人类被试在观察所有类型的图片的时候，都总是将注意力跟多的放在图片中人物或者动物的头部和眼睛。揭示了面部特征在人的社会交往中的重要作用。组间分析显示人类被试比猕猴更关注图片中的手部及其所持物品这一特征，但是组内分析表明人类被试和猕猴被试具有相似的对手及其所持物品的关注度。这一结果表明，手在进化过程中对生存的重要作用。最后，在实验过程中，猕猴在眼动追踪过程中的评分比人类被试低，好像它们对显示器所呈现的图片不是特别的感兴趣。猕猴的这种注视行为可能对眼动的进化过程提供了新的启示。
英文摘要	Chapter 1 Deep brain chronic recording and preliminary study of the neural mechanisms of spatial-to-temporal transform in oculomotor control system The chapter review the technology of extracellular neural recording. After introduce the history of recording electrodes and recording methods, the author pointed out the importance of chronic recording in research of neuroscience. Currently, the application of chronic recording in small animals and cortex of large animals is very common. But, when refer to the study of deep brain of large animals, the chronic recording is no that well developed. After analyze the difficulty in chronic recording of deep brain nuclei, we developed a new recording method which could solve the problem. During the experiment, a total of neurons in the brainstem of rhesus macaque were recorded. Through out the experiment, all animals were well treated and the infection was limited to lowest degree. The result proved that our recording method is efficient in deep brain study. Spatial-temporal transformation is a very important mechanism of signal processing and transformation. Base on the brain stem control of saccade eye movement, the authors first introduced the important role of SC(superior colliculus) in the initiation of saccadic eye movement. After then the role of PPRF(paramedian pontine reticular formation) and riMLF(rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus) were also introduce. They pointed out that the transformation of signals from SC to PPRF and riMLF is a typical way of spatial-temporal transformation. But how the spatial information in SC transfer to the temporal information in the PPRF or riMLF is still unclear. After reviewed three kinds of hypothesis of spatial-temporal transformation, author propose their opinions on the future study. Base on a new deep brain chronic recording technology and the electronic microstimulation eliminator of our lab, a new phenomenon was discovered after the primary research. The result show that the part of EBNs of riMLF are not innervated by SC saccade related neurons. We conclude that part of the EBNs of riMLF(even PPRF) are innervated by the FEF independent of SC. This discovery may be a break through for the current theory. Chapter 2 Differences in eye-tracking between rhesus monkeys(Macaca mulatta) and humans Studies estimating eye movements have demonstrated that non-human primates have fi xation patterns similar to humans at the first sight of a picture. In the current study, three sets of pictures containing monkeys, humans or both were presented to rhesus monkeys and humans. The eye movements on these pictures by the two species were recorded using a Tobii eye-tracking system. We found that monkeys paid more attention to the head and body in pictures containing monkeys, whereas both monkeys and humans paid more attention to the head in pictures containing humans. The humans always concentrated on the eyes and head in all the pictures, indicating the social role of facial cues in society. Although humans paid more attention to the hands than monkeys, both monkeys and humans were interested in the hands and what was being done with them in the pictures. This may suggest the importance and necessity of hands for survival. Finally, monkeys scored lower in eye-tracking when fi xating on the pictures, as if they were less interested in looking at the screen than humans. The locations of fixation in monkeys may provide insight into the role of eye movements in an evolutionary context.
语种	中文
公开日期	2014-06-18
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/7902]
专题	昆明动物研究所_神经系统编码
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	胡英周. 脑深部核团长期埋置记录方法及眼动控制系统中编码转化的初步研究以及恒河猕猴和人在观察图片时的注视眼动差异[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014.

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