| 题名 | 云南会泽黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)和灰鹤(Grus grus)的越冬生态及共存机制 |
| 作者 | 罗伟雄 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2012-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 杨晓君 |
| 关键词 | 共存 种间相互作用 栖息地 空间分布 行为节律 |
| 其他题名 | Wintering ecology and coexistence mechanism of Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) and Common Cranes (Grus grus) at Huize, Yunnan, China |
| 学位专业 | 动物学 |
| 中文摘要 | 黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)和灰鹤(Grus grus)是在会泽黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区大桥片区共同越冬的两种鹤类，它们同属于鹤科鹤属，亲缘关系密切，越冬期间食性及生活习性相似。为揭示两者在保护区内的共存机制，在2010年11月-2012年4月期间，用固定样线法和瞬时扫描法，从活动时间、行为节律、空间分布、生境利用和生境偏好等方面对保护区大桥片区内越冬的黑颈鹤和灰鹤进行调查，以了解黑颈鹤和灰鹤在同域分布时的资源利用特点和分化方式，为更有效地对黑颈鹤和灰鹤的保护提供科学依据。 黑颈鹤和灰鹤每日出飞时间和日出时间、飞回时间和日落时间呈显著的正相关关系，灰鹤每天平均比黑颈鹤早26分钟飞离夜栖地，存在极显著差异(F=8.955, P=0.004, df=58)，而飞回夜栖地的时间没有显著差异(F=0.05, P=0.823, df=56)。日间活动中黑颈鹤和灰鹤的主要行为均为觅食和警戒，其中黑颈鹤有三个觅食高峰(8:00-11:00, 13:00-14:00和17:00-18:00)，灰鹤有四个觅食高峰(8:00-9:00, 11:00-13:00, 14:00-15:00和18:00-19:00)，除早晚觅食高峰外，其他时间黑颈鹤和灰鹤的觅食节律呈现相反趋势。黑颈鹤和 灰鹤的活动时间有很大的重叠，时间分化在两者的共存中并不起主要作用，但行为节律相反的趋势在一定程度上减缓了两者共享相同资源时的竞争。 黑颈鹤和灰鹤的栖息地利用重叠指数达到0.963，均以耕地为主要觅食生境，对耕地的利用率分别达到90.88%和93.8%。黑颈鹤和灰鹤对于不同栖息地类型的选择性均存在显著性差异(黑颈鹤：F=11.095>F0.05, df1=2, df2=33；灰鹤：F=12.954>F0.05, df1=2, df2=33)。但两者的生境偏好有所不同，黑颈鹤对湿地和耕地的选择性明显高于草地，对湿地和耕地的选择性则没有显著性差异。而灰鹤对耕地的选择性明显高于湿地和草地，对湿地和草地的选择性则没有显著性差异。在与黑颈鹤共存时灰鹤的生境偏好发生了转变，这种转变是为避免与黑颈鹤竞争优势生境湿地而做出的妥协。 黑颈鹤主要在夜栖地附近觅食，而灰鹤还将活动区域扩散到离夜栖地较远的山坡，并且其平均分布海拔为2551.7m，比黑颈鹤的平均分布海拔2497.6m高出53.6m，存在极显著差异(F=87.04>F0.01, df=670)。这种空间水平尺度和垂直尺度两个维度上的分化可能是黑颈鹤和灰鹤共存的主要机制。 保护区内水位变化和干扰频度是影响黑颈鹤和灰鹤种群数量的主要因素，加强保护区内沼泽湿地的保护和对游客的管理及选择合适的投食点，对于保护区内的黑颈鹤和灰鹤具有重要的意义。 |
| 英文摘要 | Black-necked cranes (Grus nigricollis) and Common cranes (Grus grus) are two species with close relationship and similar trophic levels, coexisting at Daqiao region of Huize Black-necked cranes National Nature Reserve, Yunnan province. In order to reveal the mechanism that allow them to coexist in their wintering areas, We investigated the niche separation (along daily activity pattern, behavior rhythm, spatial distribution, habitat use and habitat preference) at Daqiao region from November 2010 to April 2011, with instantaneous and scan sampling method. Meanwhile the population dynamic of Black-necked cranes and Common cranes was also recorded. These studies are helpful to identify resource use traits and segregation of Black-necked cranes and Common cranes, providing scientific basis for the establishing of effective conservation measures for these two species. The Pearson correlation analysis showed roost departure time had a very significant positive correlation with sunrise time and roost back time was significant positive correlated with sunset time of these two cranes. Common cranes departed the roost 26 minutes earlier than Black-necked cranes, the average departure time of these two cranes was significant different (F=8.955, P=0.004, df=58). While there was no significant different in roost back time of these two cranes (F=0.05, P=0.823, df=56). Both Black-necked cranes and Common cranes devoted most time to foraging and vigilance, and there were three foraging peaks (8:00-11:00, 13:00-14:00 and 17:00-18:00) for Black-necked cranes and four foraging peaks for Common cranes (8:00-9:00, 11:00-13:00, 14:00-15:00 and 18:00-19:00). Except the peaks after departed from roost and before returned to roost, the foraging rhythm of the two cranes’ was complementary, which may reduce agonistic when using the same habitat. Limited by physiological and anatomical constraints, Black-necked cranes and Common cranes showed strikingly similar circadian rhythm, which suggests that temporal partitioning was not an important mechanism that Black-necked cranes and Common cranes used to avoid each other. Black-necked cranes and Common cranes had a high niche overlap index, which reached 0.963, they both chose farmland as their main activity habitat, utilization accounts for 90.53% and 93.28% respectively. Although they both have significantly different in habitat selection (Black-necked cranes: F=11.095>F0.01, df1=2, df2=33; Common cranes: F=12.954>F0.01, df1=2, df2=33), they showed different habitat preference. For Black-necked cranes, there was no significantly difference in preference for marsh and farmland (P=0.208>0.05), but grassland was preferred significantly less than these two habitat categories. While for Common cranes, farmland was preferred significantly more than marsh and grassland and no significantly difference in preference for marsh and grassland. Common cranes switched their habitat preference in order to avoid competition with Black-necked cranes and reduce the conflict between these two cranes Black-necked cranes mainly foraged near the roost-site, while Common cranes spread their active region to the hillside away from roosting. Common cranes showed a tendency for having a higher recording frequency at higher altitude, the average elevation of distribution of Common cranes (2551.7m) was 54.1m higher than that of Black-necked cranes(2497.6m), and the difference was statistically significant (df=670, P<0.001 ). So the main mechanism that facilitates the coexistence of Black-necked cranes and Common cranes is spatial partitioning, through taking up different two-dimensional area and partitioning the space vertically while using the same two-dimensional area. The fluctuation of marshes and interference are the principal factors affect the population dynamic of Black-necked cranes and Common cranes, it is important to strengthen the protection of marshes and management of tourists and select the appropriate feeding point for both Black-necked cranes and Common cranes. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.26:8080/handle/152453/10211]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_鸟类学 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 罗伟雄. 云南会泽黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)和灰鹤(Grus grus)的越冬生态及共存机制[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2012. |
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