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题名	藏缅语族人群的源流历史——来自线粒体DNA的证据
作者	李玉春
学位类别	博士
答辩日期	2015-05
授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
授予地点	北京
导师	孔庆鹏
关键词	藏缅语族 东亚 农业 线粒体DNA
学位专业	遗传学
中文摘要	人类语言的形成和传播往往伴随着农业的扩张（农业/语言共扩散假说，The farming/language codispersal hypothesis）。然而，农业和语言扩张的具体模式远比想象的要复杂得多。长期以来，人们一直在到底是人群扩张还是文化扩张介导了这二者的传播和扩散等问题上存在很大的分歧。遗传学的发展为这些问题的解决提供了新的契机。本文在第一章中主要概述农业和扩张的遗传学研究进展，并对东亚地区提出相应的研究思路和展望，希望能对今后东亚的农业和语言扩张模式的研究提供新的思路。 语言的形成和发展是一个复杂的过程。除了农业以外，在漫长的历史过程中，还有战争、疾病以及不同人群之间的交汇等因素，也可能会使原有的有着相同语言的人群的遗传结构产生巨大的差异。因此，从当今人群的遗传结构来探讨语言的形成就面临着十分巨大的挑战。所幸的是，本研究通过分析现今藏缅语族人群的母系遗传组成，找到了能代表藏缅语族人群共有的遗传组分的线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA；mtDNA）单倍型类群M9a1b和A14。有意思的是，这两个类群的起源时间和地点以及扩散路线和粟米都非常相似，这说明藏缅语族的起源可能与粟米农业有着密切联系。这也从遗传学上进一步证实了语言学方面的观点（第二章）。另外，在藏缅语族扩散到不同地区的过程中，虽然保留了原来的祖先人群特有的遗传组分，但同时也吸收了不同地区土著人群的遗传组分，这一点在缅甸、西藏以及中国西南地区的藏缅语族人群中都有不同程度的体现。这说明，藏缅语族的传播并不是农业人群对狩猎-采集人群的完全的基因替代，而是不同程度地融合了部分狩猎-采集人群的遗传组分（第三章）。而在藏缅语族人群带着粟米农业到达中国西南地区时，部分群体由于受到水稻农业人群（壮侗、南亚语系群体）的影响开始种植水稻。在遗传上，这部分藏缅语族人群也表现出与壮侗、南亚语系群体更近的遗传关系。这说明云南的水稻农业人群对粟米农业人群的影响不仅仅是文化上的，在遗传上也有相应的反映（第四章）。
英文摘要	As suggested by the Farming/Language codispersal hypothesis, the formations of the world’s major language families were probably promoted by the advent of agriculture during the early Neolithic period. However, whether the codispersal of language and farming are mediated by demic or cultural diffusion are still in controversy. Great progress had been made during the last decades in resolving this problem due to the development of genetics. In chapter 1, we summarized the progress of genetic studies in learning the expansion of agriculture and languages in different areas, especially in Europe and East Asia. We also proposed the problems of the studies in East Asia, with the hope of providing new clues for further study. The formation of a language is much more complicated than we can imagine. In fact, except agriculture, other demographic events like warfare, diseases or expansion of different populations would result in the differentiation of populations that speaking the same language, thus making it challenging to trace the origin of a language based on genetic data of present-day populations. Fortunately, in our study of Tibeto-Burman (TB) populations, we found two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups (A14 and M9a1b) that distributed widely in the present-day TB groups, indicating that these two haplogroups would present the common genetic basis of TB people. Further analysis suggested that these two haplogroups probably originated in northern China at about 12 kilo-years-ago (kya), similar with the domestication history of millet (setaria italica). The similarity of dispersal time and route of these two haplogroups and millet further supported the hypothesis that the TB languages had codispersed with the millet agriculture (Chapter 2). Although having common genetic basis, the present-day TB populations had assimilated genetic components from the indigenous populations during their migration into different areas. This can be reflected in the studies of TB populations in Myanmar and Tibet (Chapter 3). It is therefore probable that the expansion of TB language is not mediated by purely demic diffusion. Instead, an intermediate model in which farmers spread and interbred with indigenous people could be adopted by the TB speakers (or millet farmers). When the TB speakers dispersed into southwestern China, some of them adopted the rice agriculture of Austro-Asiatic and Tai-Kadai populations who inhibited prior to the TB populations. This could also be reflected by the observation that the TB populations distributed in southern Yunnan had close genetic affinity with the Austro-Asiatic and Tai-Kadai groups. Therefore, the interaction of different agricultures in southwestern China had influenced not only the culture of some TB populations, but also their genetic structures (chapter 4).
语种	中文
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://159.226.149.26:8080/handle/152453/10186]
专题	昆明动物研究所_分子人类学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	李玉春. 藏缅语族人群的源流历史——来自线粒体DNA的证据[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2015.

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