题名两栖动物皮肤活性多肽及其在环境适应中的意义
作者杨新旺
学位类别博士
答辩日期2014-05
授予单位中国科学院研究生院
授予地点北京
导师张云
关键词两栖动物 皮肤 活性多肽 环境适应 分子基础
其他题名Amphibian skin bioactive peptides and their implications to understanding the molecular basis for environmental adapation
学位专业动物学
中文摘要两栖动物的皮肤承担着诸多重要的生物学功能,包括水盐平衡、防御、呼吸等,其能分泌许多活性物质,包括种类和数量极多的多肽,对这些多肽的的研究至少能提供1). 大量具有特定活性的药物先导分子结构,比如抗感染药物、抗氧化剂等;2). 能为我们理解两栖动物的皮肤适应环境的分子基础提供依据,因此,对两栖动物皮肤中活性多肽的研究具有重要的科学和应用基础意义。 本文主要完成了以下几个工作: 1. 随着传统抗生素的滥用,越来越严重的细菌耐药性一直困扰着现代医学,因此,寻找新型的抗菌肽成为解决这一问题的关键。本文系统研究了中国特有9种臭蛙皮肤的抗菌肽组学:以云南臭蛙、圆斑臭蛙、务川臭蛙、绿臭蛙、大绿臭蛙、大耳臭蛙、滇南臭蛙、合江臭蛙和花臭蛙皮肤作为研究对象,采用蛋白质组学和基因组学手段,从这9种臭蛙皮肤中鉴定了728条抗菌肽,占了目前已知抗菌肽的30%以上,这些抗菌肽被分为97个不同的家族,其中71个为首次命名。我们的研究结果揭示:a). 臭蛙是自然界中抗菌肽丰度最高的物种,两栖动物皮肤是开发新一代抗感染药物的“天然宝藏”;b). 蛙科臭蛙属皮肤中的抗菌肽不存在翻译后修饰,90%以上的抗菌肽均在其C端有一个分子内的二硫键;c). 纠正传统观点,提示相同的抗菌肽在不同的物种中大量分布;d). 提示抗菌肽不仅能扮演“杀菌”的角色,还具有抗氧化、免疫调节等作用; e). 抗菌肽具有刺激胰岛素释放的能力。臭蛙皮肤中数目庞大的抗菌肽为我们理解两栖动物皮肤的防御性功能提供了线索,同时也提示了臭蛙先天免疫体系的强大。 2. 传统的抗菌肽鉴定主要依赖于获取大量的皮肤分泌物进行分离纯化,但目前很多两栖动物的数目都在减少,有一些两栖动物的个头很小,很难获取足够的皮肤分泌物进行分离纯化,但两栖动物皮肤对新一代抗菌药物开发的重要意义,因此,如何在尽可能少的损耗两栖动物样本的前提下有效的鉴定其皮肤中的抗菌肽就成为一个很关键的问题。在本文中,通过一个特异性的5’PCR引物:Rana5’AMP primer (5’-CCAAA(G/C)ATGTTCACC(T/A)TGAAGAAA-3’),从单个蛙科动物样本:包括泽蛙、棘蛙和西域湍蛙的皮肤中快速鉴定了12个新的抗菌肽。这12个抗菌肽均在其C端含有一个分子内的二硫键,根据其一级结构的相似度,被分为Brevinin-1、Brevinin-2、Esculentin-1、Esculentin-2、Nigrocin和一个首次命名的家族Limnochariin-1,合成的这些多肽均能抑制革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌、真菌的生长。我们认为,对于蛙科动物而言,用此引物通过“shot-gun”的方法能最大限度的减少对两栖动物的损耗,又能快速高效的鉴定其皮肤中的抗菌肽,同时,这也为我们从其它科的两栖动物皮肤中鉴定抗菌肽提供了一定的依据。 3. 寻找生物适应高海拔环境的分子基础一直是近年来生命科学研究领域的热点之一,但目前关于这一重要科学问题我们主要是通过恒温动物的基因组学信息来探讨和解释。两栖动物属于变温动物,是水生生物到陆生生物之间重要的过渡类群,但对于这一类重要物种,我们对其高海拔环境适应的分子机制却知之甚少。两栖动物的皮肤中存在一套抗氧化多肽系统,能使其免受各种氧化压力的损伤,理论上来讲,不同海拔日照下的两栖动物皮肤中的抗氧化多肽系统应该呈现出明显的差异。本文选择了高海拔(3000米)的云南臭蛙和洞穴物种(洞内无任何光照)务川臭蛙,通过蛋白质组学和基因组学对比发现:a). 前者皮肤中的抗氧化多肽(31个家族51条抗氧化肽)在数量和丰度要远远大于后者(9个家族9条抗氧化肽);b). 前者皮肤中的抗氧化肽“更强”(活性为后者的1000倍)、“更快”(速度为后者的200多倍)。这提示为了适应高海拔强紫外照射的生境,两栖动物皮肤演化或保留了高效的抗氧化多肽系统。这为我们理解变温动物高海拔环境适应的分子基础提供了信息,也是首次尝试从多肽组学层面去解释物种适应环境的分子机制,说明两栖动物皮肤是新型抗氧化剂的“天然宝库”。我们的研究结果还提示游离的半胱氨酸不决定抗氧化多肽的自由基清除活性,但却决定自由基清除速率,而云南臭蛙皮肤中的抗氧化多肽多是含有一个游离的半胱氨酸,务川臭蛙皮肤中则无此现象,这也从另外一个层面提示我们高海拔两栖动物所承受的严酷的氧化压力。同时,一些抗氧化肽还能抑制黑色素的生成,提示这些抗氧化多肽可能还参与了两栖动物皮肤的体色调节保护作用;此外,一些抗氧化多肽还具有免疫调节作用,提示了抗氧化多肽是“多面手”,其能通过多种途径来帮助皮肤行使保护功能。 4. 两栖动物的皮肤裸露,其承担的“水盐平衡”调节功能对两栖动物的生存至关重要,这一功能主要与水通道和Na+的内流相关。因此,如果一个多肽能通过一定的方式来影响Na+的内流和外流,都有可能最终调节两栖动物皮肤的水盐平衡。本文通过电生理手段,检测了一些两栖动物皮肤多肽对DRG神经元中Nav、Kv和Cav以及Nav1.5通道的影响,结果发现12条多肽能影响这些通道的电流。这为我们理解两栖动物皮肤的水盐平衡调节作用提供了一定的分子基础。综上,本论文不仅从两栖动物皮肤中挖掘出了大量的活性多肽,这些多肽不仅能做为新一代抗感染、抗氧化药物开发的先导分子,而且通过这些多肽为我们理解两栖动物皮肤是如何抵御病原微生物的入侵、适应强紫外照射和调节水盐平衡提供了重要的分子基础。
英文摘要Amphibian skin is a vital organism that fulfills many essential functions, including water-salt balance, defense, respiration, et.al. Amphibian skin can secret large array of compounds with specific bioactivities, which is mainly composed by many different types of peptides or proteins. The research on these secreted compounds can provide 1). Candidates for the explore of molecular with therapeutic potentiality, such as anti-infectious agents, novel types of antioxidants, et.al; 2). Clues to understand the molecular basis for the adaptation to surroundings. Therefore, the research on the amphibian skin peptides is very important for both applied science and basic science.In this paper, we have performed the following 4 researches:1. Skin antimicrobial peptidomics of 9 China-native odorous frogs: Through the combinational methods of peptidomics and genomics, we identified 728 antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which accounted for more than 30% AMPs yet found in nature, from the skin of Odorrana andersonii, O. rotodora, O. wuchuanensis, O. margaratae, O. hejiangensis, O. schmackeri, O. livida, O. tiannanensis and O. macrotympana. These AMPs were classified into 97 different families and 71 groups were named for the first time. Our results revealed that: A). Odorous frog is the species with the highest AMP diversity yet found in nature, amphibian skin is jewel of great price for the explore of new anti-infectious agents; B). The post-translational modifications didn’t occur in the AMPs from odorous frogs, the majority (about 90%) of odorous frog skin AMPs contained a C-terminal disulfide bridge; C). Identical AMPs were widely distributed in different amphibian skins and this phenomenon updated the traditional views;D). Except for the role of direct-killing pathogens, AMPs also play roles as antioxidants and immunomodulators; E). Amphibian skin AMPs showed potentiality to be insulin releasing activators. The great diversity AMPs provides us clues to understand the molecular basis of the defensing function of amphibian skins and the great power of the amphibian skin innate immune system. 2. The traditional methods to identify amphibian AMPs rely heavily on the large amount of skin secretions, however, the amount of many amphibians is decreasing sharply owing to many factors, besides, many amphibians are of short stature, it is not likely to obtain enough skin secretion to initial the identify of AMPs. However, amphibian skins are very important for explore of new types of anti-infection peptide agents; therefore, it is a crucial problem to identify AMPs efficiently at the lowest cost of amphibian samples. In this research, with a specific 5’PCR primer, Rana5’AMP primer (5’-CCAAA(G/C)ATGTTCACC(T/A)TGAAGAAA-3’),we identified 12 novel AMPs from a single specimen of Rana limnocharis, R. exilispinosa and Amolops afghanus. Like the AMPs from other ranid frogs, all these AMPs contained a C-terminus cyclic motif. Based on the similarities of primary structure, these AMPs were divided into Brevinin-1, Brevinin-2, Esculentin-1, Esculentin-2, Nigrocin and an initially named family Limnochariin-1. The synthetic peptides showed inhibitory effects on the growth of E. coli, C. albicans, S. aureus and B. pyocyaneus. With the help of this Rana5’AMP primer and at the lowest cost, we could identify skin AMPs rapidly from the skin of ranid frogs by ‘shot-gun’ method. Besides, this research also provided clues for the AMPs identification from other amphibians.3. The topic that concerned on the molecular basis of adaptation to high-altitude surroundings is a hot spot in biology, however, explore and explanation of this important issue are mainly from genomic information of homothermal animals. Amphibian, which belonged to poikilothermal animals, is an important link between aquatic and terrestrial organisms, however, the molecular basis of adaptation to high-altitude surroundings is little known. The previous reports have revealed that an antioxidant peptid
语种中文
公开日期2014-06-04
内容类型学位论文
源URL[http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/7880]  
专题昆明动物研究所_动物活性蛋白多肽组学
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
杨新旺. 两栖动物皮肤活性多肽及其在环境适应中的意义[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014.
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