| 题名 | 全球陆地保护区发展趋势和布局变化分析 |
| 作者 | 范边 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2015-04 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 马克明 |
| 关键词 | 陆地保护区，多尺度，Holt指数平滑法，重点生态区，濒危物种，城市用地，最近距离,Terrestrial protected areas, multiple scales, Holt's exponential smoothing, priority ecoregion, threatened species, urban areas, nearest distance |
| 其他题名 | Gobal analysis on the development and distribution of terrestrial protected areas |
| 学位专业 | 生态学 |
| 中文摘要 | 作为全球生物多样性保护的主要策略，保护区体系在过去三十年呈快速增长趋势，特别是在一些生物多样性高的发展中国家。掌握其在不同尺度上发展趋势和布局变化对全球保护区规划、建设有重要意义，同时也有助于发现未来应重点关注的地区和国家。 本文以全球陆地保护区为研究对象，基于保护区、重点生态区、濒危物种栖息地、城市用地和大城市分布数据，对1950-2013年全球陆地保护区发展趋势和布局变化进行分析。具体内容包括：各尺度上保护区增长情况分析，以及2020年爱知生物多样性目标完成情况的预测；从生物多样性角度对保护区布局变化进行分析，其依据是生态系统代表性和物种濒危程度；从人类活动干扰角度分析保护区布局变化，其依据是保护区与城市的距离靠近程度。 本研究较系统地对全球、洲际、国家和地区尺度上保护区增长情况和布局变化进行了分析，同时从保护区受人类活动干扰的角度，引入其与城市的距离作为布局变化分析的依据，这有别于传统以热点地区分析和GAP分析为主的保护区布局变化分析。 研究得到如下结论： （1）全球陆地保护区面积由1950年的340万km2扩展至2013年的1809万km2，而其占陆地面积比例也由2.55%增长至13.40%。同时，其增长速率不断加快，尤其是在20世纪90年代后。 （2）各国保护区建设具有不平衡性，超过三分之一的主要国家其陆地保护区比例大于17%，但也有近一半的主要国家其陆地保护区比例仍低于10%，不过这种差距随时间发展有缩小趋势。 （3）基于1950–2013年保护区长期增长情况，Holt指数平滑法可较精确地进行短期预测。虽然全球的爱知生物多样性目标在2020年预计不能完成，但包括中国在内的22个国家可能如期达到目标。 （4）1950-2010年间，重点生态区的保护区覆盖比例从3.05%增长至15.29%，相对地濒危物种栖息地保护比例则由7.84%增加到33.90%，两者差距逐渐扩大，因此当前保护区建设主要以濒危物种保护为主，在生态系统代表性方面有所欠缺。 （5）根据IUCN红色名录对各分类纲濒危物种数的估计，当前爬行纲的保护力度最大，而哺乳纲的保护力度则有所欠缺。 （6）在全球、洲际、地区和国家尺度上，保护区与城市的距离都在不断缩小。欧洲和西欧是保护区与城市距离最小的洲和地区，其保护区与最近75万以上人口城市的平均最近距离仅为115km，而其城市用地50km缓冲区内保护区比例更是高达82%。在保护区大国中，中国是保护区与城市最近平均距离最小的国家，其与50万以上人口城市的平均最近距离在2010年仅为143.5km。 （7）全球范围内，越来越多生物多样性较高的保护区将面临被城市影响的处境。1950–2010年，落在重点生态区内的近城市保护区面积由28325km2扩大到895104km2，其比例也从0.86%上升5.63%。 |
| 英文摘要 | As a key global effort to protect biodiversity, Protected areas (PAs) have expanded in exponential form within past thirty years. Understanding its development and distribution is thus significant for planning and constructing of PAs, and it also contribute to identify regions and countries which need to be focused on in the future. Taking global terrestrial PAs as study object, this paper analyzed its development and distribution change from 1950 to 2013 by using the spatial data of PAs, priority ecoregions, threatened species, urban area and big cities. This study included: the analysis of PAs development on multiple scales, and prediction of PAs coverage in 2020 which would be compared with Aichi Biodiversity Target; the analysis of change in PAs distribution from the viewpoint of biodiversity, and the basis were the presentations of ecosystems and extinction risks of species; the analysis of change in PAs distribution from the viewpoint of disturbance by human activities, and the basis was the proximity between PAs and cities. This study systematically analyzed the growth and distribution change of PAs in global, continental, regional and national scales. From the viewpoint of disturbance by human activities, the distance between PAs and cities was introduced in the analysis of change in PAs distribution, which was different from the traditional ways using hotspots analysis and GAP analysis as main methods. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) Between 1950 to 2013, global terrestrial PAs grew from 3.4 million km2 to 18.9 million km2, and the PAs coverage grew in high speed, especially after 1990s 2) A non-equilibrium state existed among the countries in PAs construction, the PAs coverage of nearly half of the countries is still lower than 10%, but the gap decreased. 3) Though the Aichi Biodiversity Target wouldn't be reached in 2020 within global scale, but there are 22 countries including China would achieve the goal in time. 4) During 1950 to 2010, the global percentage of PAs within priority ecoregions grew from 3.05% to 15.29%, meanwhile, the percentage of threatened species' habitats protected grew from 7.84% to 33.90%, the gap between them were increasing. Therefore, PAs are constructed from the viewpoint of protection in threatened species, and are short of representation in ecosystems. 5) According to the evaluation in numbers of threatened species based on the IUCN Red list, the protection of reptilia has been the strongest, however, the protection of mammalia hasn't satisfied its need. 6) at all these four scales, the distance between PAs to urban areas were all declining. Europe, Western Europe were the continent and region which had the nearest proximity, the mean of its nearest distance between PAs and cities, which have more than 750 thousand people, was merely 115 km, and the percentage of PAs in buffer, which the distance was 50km, within the urban areas was 82%. Among the top 20 PAs countries, China was the one had the nearest proximity, its mean of nearest distance between PAs to cities, which have more than 500 thousand people, was merely 143.5km. 7) In global scale, more and more PAs which had rich biodiversity were facing the influences by urbanization. Between 1950 to 2010, the acreage of PAs, which loated in priority ecoregions and near the big cities, expanded from 28325 km2 to 895104km2, and its percentage rose from 0.86% to 5.63%, either. |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/34323]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 范边. 全球陆地保护区发展趋势和布局变化分析[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2015. |
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